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Tarrytown, NY 1995. |
RETURN TO TOP MARIACHI (1) A specific type of Mexican musical group or ensemble. (2) An individual musician in a mariachi group (synonym: mariachero). (3) Adjective denoting a genre or style related to the mariachi, e.g., mariachi music, mariachi trumpet. Since the 1930s, the mariachi has been widely considered the quintessential Mexican folk-derived musical ensemble, and has become an institution symbolic of Mexican music and culture. Mariachi groups are currently found throughout the Americas and in Europe. |
RETURN TO TOP ORIGINS Professional musicians accompanied Hernán Cortés when he arrived in what is now Mexico in 1519. Among their instruments were the harp and the vihuela, prototypes of those later used by the mariachi. Natives, who had their own highly developed musical traditions, quickly mastered European musical practices. With the importation of large numbers of black slaves, African music was also brought to Mexico during the early colonial period. Many regional traditions of mestizo folk music, including that of the mariachi, resulted from the ensuing cultural and musical blending of indigenous and foreign elements. The mariachi is native to a region of western Mexico that includes what are today the states of Jalisco, Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Michoacán, and Colima; extending as far north as Sinaloa and Durango and as far south as Guerrero. Despite frequent attempts to attribute it to a specific state or town, the exact birthplace of the mariachi is unknown. |
RETURN TO TOP EARLY HISTORY The early development of mestizo folk music in Mexico is largely undocumented, making speculative any theories on the early evolution of the mariachi. The earliest known incontrovertible reference to a mariachi appears in a letter written by a priest, Cosme Santa Anna, in 1852, although the word can be found earlier as a place name. Mariachis documented during the second half of the nineteenth century in central western Mexico were commonly associated with the rural fiesta or fandango, and with the tarima or wooden platform upon which couples would dance sones and jarabes, the two most important genres of the early mariachi repertory. Early mariachis wore peasant garb, and had little concern for dressing alike. After the Revolution of 1910, however, modest uniforms began to appear. When for the first time mariachis could afford to outfit themselves elegantly, they chose the suit of the horseman or traje de charro. The gala version of this suit worn by contemporary mariachis--with its tightly-fitting ornamented pants, short jacket, embroidered belt, boots, wide bow tie, and sombrero--was once the attire of wealthy hacienda owners. |
RETURN TO TOP ETYMOLOGY The consensus of modern scholars is that the word mariachi is indigenous to Mexico. The now-extinct Coca language of central Jalisco is that most frequently cited as its probable source. Legend erroneously attributes the word to the French Intervention of the 1860s, explaining it as a corruption of the French word mariage, and citing a similarity between mariachi (or its archaic variant, mariache) and the French word for wedding. Historical documents prove that both the word mariachi and the ensemble it designates pre-date the French occupation of Mexico, making any similarity with the French word a phonetic coincidence. |
RETURN TO TOP URBANIZATION While its roots are rural, the contemporary mariachi is an urban phenomenon associated with post-revolutionary Mexico City. It was in that nation's capital and principal metropolis that the urban mariachi was born and where most of its development took place. Vestiges of earlier types of mariachis may still be found in rural Mexico, but the urban mariachi has been the dominant model since the 1930s. In 1920, Cirilo Marmolejo moved his group from Tecolotlán, Jalisco to Mexico City, becoming the first mariachi to establish itself permanently in the capital. In 1923, the cantina Salón Tenampa opened on what is now Plaza Garibaldi, where the mariachis of Concho Andrade and Cirilo Marmolejo performed. The Tenampa soon became Mexico City's center of mariachi activity and attracted other groups from rural areas to that plaza. Although mariachis had performed for official functions under Porfirio Díaz in 1905 and in 1907, it was not until after the Revolution of 1910 that the mariachi became widely adopted as a symbol of nationalism. Since Alvaro Obregón's administration (1920-1924), post-revolutionary Mexican presidents have used mariachi music for political events, with Lázaro Cárdenas being the first to officially subsidize it during his term (1934-1940). The role of the media was crucial to the popularization of the mariachi. During the 1930s, radio, cinema, and the phonograph came of age in Mexico, launching what had previously been a rural, regional music to national and international prominence. The principal role of the mariachi in the media became that of accompanying leading vocalists of the ranchera (country) genre, Mexico's most popular nationalistic musical expression. |
RETURN TO TOP INSTRUMENTATION At the turn of the century, a typical mariachi consisted of four musicians. While precise instrumentation could vary with each group, regional tendencies existed. The two most prominent mariachi regions were that of central Jalisco, which preferred two violins, vihuela (a small, guitar-like instrument with a convex back and five strings), and guitarrón (a large, six-string bass version of the vihuela); and that of southern Jalisco and Michoacán, which preferred two violins, harp, and guitarra de golpe (the original mariachi guitar). After the Revolution of 1910, mariachi groups tended to grow in size. Instruments previously associated with specific regional traditions were combined, and existing instruments were doubled. Following a period of experimentation, the instrumentation of the urban mariachi became standardized. The modern classical guitar was adopted, and the vihuela and the guitarrón were retained, while the guitarra de golpe and the harp fell into general disuse. In the early 1900s, wind instruments were frequently added to the traditionally all-string ensemble. By the 1920s, mariachis in different parts of Mexico were using the cornet. In the 1930s, however, the trumpet had replaced the cornet and had gained a permanent foothold in the mariachi; by the 1940s, the trumpet had become a mariachi institution. The two-trumpet combination popularized by Mariachi México de Pepe Villa in the early 1950s is the most recent innovation to take place in the standard mariachi instrumentation. The standard contemporary instrumentation for a full mariachi is two trumpets, three or more violins, a vihuela, a guitar, and a guitarrón. An additional guitar or trumpet is sometimes added, and the basic ensemble is often reduced for economic reasons. All members may sing. |
RETURN TO TOP MARIACHI VARGAS The most important group in the history of mariachi music is Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán, founded in 1898 by Gaspar Vargas in Tecalitlán, Jalisco. In the 1930s, its leadership was taken over by his son, Silvestre Vargas, considered the greatest mariachi organizer and visionary of all time. In 1934, the group moved permanently to Mexico City, where it played a leading role in the evolution of the mariachi. The majority of influential musicians in the genre have passed through its ranks, including arranger Rubén Fuentes and trumpet player Miguel Martínez. Since the 1940s, Mariachi Vargas has been the model ensemble for the urban mariachi tradition, in which its trajectory and influence are without parallel. |
RETURN TO TOP MARIACHI MUSIC IN THE UNITED STATES Mariachi music has become deeply rooted in the United States, where it has taken on unique characteristics and even influenced its Mexican counterpart. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, a number of organized mariachi groups immigrated to Los Angeles, an urban area that has in many ways become to the United States what Mexico City is to Mexico--an urban mecca of mariachi music. In 1961, Nati Cano organized Los Camperos, which became the best-known U.S. mariachi and the country's pioneer group in popularizing this music among non-Hispanics. In 1969, Los Camperos opened La Fonda restaurant in Los Angeles, the world's first venue designed to showcase a mariachi. Other U.S. groups followed suit, and eventually this concept was adopted in Mexico. Mariachi Uclatlán, founded in 1961 at the University of California at Los Angeles Institute of Ethnomusicology, pioneered the academic mariachi tradition, and today educational institutions throughout the Southwest offer classes in mariachi music. Mariachi Cobre, founded in Tucson, Arizona in 1971, was the first prominent Mexican-American mariachi group. In 1979, a U.S. mariachi movement was born at the First International Mariachi Conference held in San Antonio, Texas. Since then, mariachi festivals and conferences have proliferated in the United States; Mexico celebrated its first international festival in 1994. Linda Ronstadt's 1988 CD, Canciones de Mi Padre, heralded the creation of a new audience for mariachi music among non-Hispanics. While Ronstadt is a traditionalist, mariachis such as Sol de México in Los Angeles and Campanas de América in San Antonio seek innovation, combining other musical styles with that of the mariachi. |
RETURN TO TOP CONCLUSION Mariachi music reached its peak in popularity during the 1950s and 1960s. Since then, it has increasingly become a nostalgia genre, marginalized by the media that initially catapulted it to fame. With the exception of isolated attempts to infuse new vitality into the tradition from outside sources, relatively little new mariachi music is composed or performed today. Nevertheless, the mariachi remains in demand for social functions in Mexican and Mexican-American communities, where it has become a cultural inheritance. The revival in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s has given new life to the mariachi, whose appeal transcends ethnic groups and national borders. Republished by permission of Marshall Cavendish
Corporation, 99 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 |
RETURN TO TOP SUGGESTED READINGS Clark, Jonathan. Program notes to Mexico's Pioneer Mariachis, vols. 1-3, Folklyric CD 7011, 7012, and 7015. El Cerrito, Calif., Arhoolie Productions, Inc., 1992-94. Fogelquist, Mark. "Rhythm and Form in the Contemporary Son Jalisciense." Master's thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1975. Jáuregui, Jesús. El mariachi: el símbolo musical de México. México: Banpaís, S. N. C., 1991. Loza, Steven. Barrio Rhythm: Mexican American Music in Los Angeles. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993. Mendoza, Vicente T. Panorama de la música tradicional de México. México: Universidad Autónoma de México, 1956. Pearlman, Steven. "Mariachi Music in Los Angeles." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1988. Rafael, Hermes. Origen e historia del mariachi. México: Editorial Katún, S.A., 1983. Saldívar, Gabriel. Historia de la música en México (épocas precortesiana y colonial). México: Secretaría de Educación Pública, Publicaciones del Departamento de Bellas Artes, 1934. Stevenson, Robert. Music in Mexico: A Historical Survey. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1952. |
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