Educational Technology: Media for Inquiry, Communication, Construction, and Expression

Bertram Bruce and James Levin
Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 17, Number 1, 1997, p. 79-102

We describe a new way of classifying uses of educational technologies, based on a four-part division suggested years ago by John Dewey: inquiry, communication, construction, and expression. This taxonomy is compared to previous taxonomies of educational technologies, and is found to cover a wider range of uses, including many of the cutting-edge uses of educational technologies. We have tested the utility of this taxonomy by using it to classify a set of "advanced applications" of educational technologies supported by the National Science Foundation, and we use the taxonomy to point to new potential uses of technologies to support learning.

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Howard J. Bender, Ph.D.
President
The Education Process Improvement Center, Inc.
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hjbender@epicent.com